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UMASS/AMHERST  %\ 


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•*..'^J>^<r^ 


. 


LIBRARY 


OF  THE 


MASSACHUSETTS 

AGRICULTURAL 

COTTAGE 


no._46 

Source J 


251 


■■* 


his  book  may  be  kept  out 

TWO    WEEKS 

aly,  and  is  subject  to  a  fine  of  TWO 
ENTS  a  day  thereafter.  It  will  be  due 
n  the  day  indicated  below. 


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Comtncmtoeaitjj  of  Iffassacjjtrssits* 


State  -Board  of  Health,  Lunacy  and  Charity, 

Department  of  Health,  13  Beacon  Street, 

Boston,  February,  1886. 

Milk  of  Known  Purity. 

The  following  observations  have  been  made  under  the  direc- 
tion  of  the  Health  Department  of  the  State  Board  of  Health, 
Lunacy  and  Charity,  with  reference  to  the  quality  of  milk  as 
produced  by  herds,  and  by  single  animals  in  the  State  of 
Massachusetts.  The  term  "known  purity  "  is  used  to  designate 
such  milk  as  has  been  obtained  by  the  inspectors,  or  other 
authorized  agents  of  the  Board,  each  sample  having  been  pro- 
cured by  them  at  the  dairies,  or  stables  where  the  milk  was 
produced,  the  agents  or  inspectors  being  required  to  witness 
the  milking  of  each  animal,  whose  product  was  submitted  to 
analysis. 

The  analyses  were  made  at  the  Laboratories  of  the  Harvard 
Medical  College  and  of  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College 
by  the  analysts  of  the  Board,  Professors  C.  A.  Goessmarin  and 
Charles  Harrington. 

For  convenience  of  reference  the  samples  are  classified ; 
Table  1  including  the  milk  of  single  animals,  each  sample 
representing  an  average  specimen  of  the  whole  quantity  of  milk 
produced  at  a  single  milking. 

Table  2  contains  the  results  of  analysis  of  the  mixed  milk 
of  herds  or  dairies ;  each  sample  representing  the  milk 
obtained  at  one  milking  from  two  or  more  animals.  The  total 
number   of  samples    of  this   sort  was  54,  obtained  from   an 


aggregate  of  386  animals,  being  an  average  of  7  in  each  herd 
or  dairy. 

The  results  are  still  further  classified  with  reference  to  the 
source  of  production ;  the  milk  produced  at  the  farms  of 
public  institutions  being  tabulated  separately  from  that  pro- 
duced at  private  farms  or  dairies. 

The  following  items  are  given  in  the  tables  herewith  pre- 
sented :  — 

1.  The  time  of  year  and  also  of  the  day. 

2.  The  place  where  the   sample    was  obtained  or   pro- 

duced. 

3.  Age  of  animal. 

4.  Time  since  calving. 

5.  Breed. 

6.  Character  of  feed. 


7. 

Fat. 

8. 

Solids,  not  fat. 

9. 

Total  solids. 

10. 

Water. 

11. 

Ash. 

12. 

Averages  of  herds  or  dairies. 

Table  III.  is  introduced  for  the  purpose  of  showing  the 
number  and  percentage  of  animals  included  in  Table  I.  with 
reference  to  the  quality  of  their  milk  as  compared  with  the 
minimum  requirement  of  the  Public  Statutes. 

The  summary  of  these  results  is  as  follows  :  — 

Samples   obtained    from    single    animals    supplying 

public  institutions,    .  .  .         .  .  .116 

Samples   obtained    from    single    animals    at   private 

farms,       ........     9.5 

Total  of  samples  from  single  animals,         .  .  •   21  If 

Total  number  of  animals  represented  in  Table  I.,         .   209 


*  In  Table  II.  these  columns  are  omitted  and  a  column  giving  the  number  of  animals  is 
substituted 

t  In  one  instance  three  samples  were  taken  from  one  animal  in  order  to  determine  the  differ- 
ence in  quality  between  different  fractional  parts  of  a  single  milking. 


3 


Mixed  samples  obtained  from  public  institutions, 
"  "  "  "     private  farms, 


9 

45 


Total  number  of  samples  of  mixed  milk,  .  .     54 

"  "  animals  represented  in  Table  II.,       .  386 

Average  number  of  animals  in  each  herd,  .  .        7 

Average  solids  of  samples  from  single  animals  in 

public  institutions,  .....   13.04 

Average  solids  of  samples  from  single  animals  at 

private  farms,         .         .         .  .         .   13.43 

Average  solids  of  all  samples  from  single  animals,   13.21 

Average    solids    of  samples    of   mixed    milk    from 

public  institutions,  .  .  .  .  .12.92 

Average    solids    of  samples    of  mixed    milk   from 

private  farms  or  dairies,  .  .  .  .13.35 

Average  solids  of  all  samples  of  mixed  milk,  .    13.28 

Average  solids  of  all  samples  of  milk  obtained 
from  public  institutions,  mixed  and  single, 
(175  animals),        .......   13.00 

Average  solids  of  all  samples  of  milk  obtained 
from  private  farms,  mixed  and  single  (426 
animals), 13.36 

Average  solids   of  all  samples  of  mixed  milk  and 

milk  of  single  animals  from  all  sources,  .  .13.26 

Total  number  of  animals  produciug  the  same,  .       601 

It  is  evident  that  the  figures  given  in  the  column  entitled 
Dairy  Averages  may  differ  slightly  from  the  result  obtained 
where  the  entire  milk  of  the  same  number  of  animals  is  mixed, 
and  a  sample  of  the  mixture  submitted  to  analysis,  for  the 
following  reason. 

The  mathematical  result  is  obtained  by  adding  the  total 
solids,  and  dividing  the  sum  by  the  number  of  animals.  The 
error  of  this  method  may  be  illustrated  as  follows  : 

The  average  of  two  pint  samples  of  milk  taken  from  two 
animals,  one  giving  four  quarts  of  milk  containing  14  per  cent, 
of  total  solids,  at  a  milking,  and  the  other  giving  eight  quarts 
of  milk  containing  but  12  per  cent,  of  total  solids  would 
evidently  be  13  per  cent,  of  solids.     If,  on  the  other  hand,  the 


entire  milk  of  the  two  animals  be  mixed,  a  sample  of  the 
mixture  would  give  but  12.67  per  cent,  of  solids. 

This  difference  diminishes  as  larger  numbers  are  considered, 
and  in  the  case  of  large  herds,  or  aggregates  of  herds,  may  be 
practically  ignored. 

In  Table  IV.  the  samples  of  milk  are  classified  with  refer- 
ence to  the  breed  of  the  animals  from  which  they  were  ob- 
tained. Samples  from  grade  cows  are  not  included  in  this 
table. 

The  samples  represented  in  the  following  tables  were  pro- 
duced by  animals  owned  in  eight  different  counties  of  the  State, 
including  the  two  largest  milk-produciug  counties  (Middlesex 
and  Worcester),  and  considering  the  varying  conditions  of 
production,  such  as  breed,  age,  time  of  day,  and  season  of  the 
year,  character  of  feed,  and  other  modifying  circumstances, 
the  result  obtained  —  13  36  per  cent,  of  total  solids  —  may  be 
fairly  considered  as  an  average  of  the  present  milk-product  as 
furnished  by  the  150,000  milch  cows  of  Massachusetts. 

The  difference  in  quality  of  the  milk  obtained  from  public 
institutions  cannot  materially  affect  this  result,  since  the  ratio 
of  animals  owned  by  them  is  less  than  one  per  cent,  of  the 
entire  number  in  the  State. 

SAMUEL  W.  ABBOTT, 

Health  Officer. 


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Table  III. 


Quality  of  milk   (samples   from   individual   animals),  com- 
pared with  the  State  standard — 13  per  cent,  solids. 


source  or 

SINGLE    SAMPLES. 

ABOVE 
STANDARD. 

PER 

CENT. 

BELOW 

STANDARD. 

PER 

CENT. 

Public  Institutions,     . 
Private  Farms,  .     .     . 

54 
55 

46-J- 

59+ 

62 
38 

534- 

404- 

109 

524- 

100 

47-f- 

109 

209  Animals. 


Table  IV.  —  Milk  of  different  Breeds. 


NATIVES. 

Time  of 

Day 
and  Tear. 

Age. 

Time  Since 
Calving. 

FEED. 

Fat. 

§1 

fc-l    02 

June, 

Vrs. 
9 

6  weeks, 

Ensilage  and  hay,  .... 

4.37 

8.53 

12.90 

Oct.,      .    . 

- 

6  mos., 

Cut  hay,  corn  meal  and  shorts,     . 

3.08 

8.98 

12.06 

"         .    . 

- 

- 

" 

3.81 

9.96 

13.77 

Sept.,  p.  M. 

10 

6      " 

Pasturage  and  meal, 

3.83 

10.60 

14.43 

" 

12 

4     " 

(<                << 

3.87 

10.52 

14.39 

« 

6 

3      " 

» 

3.10 

10.14 

13.24 

« 

7 

3      " 

« 

2.21 

10.25 

12.46 

Nov.,  p.  M. 
<■  1 

4 
4 
4 
5 
6 
3 
5 

3      " 
3  weeks, 
3      " 

2  " 

3  " 

6  mos., 
5      " 

Hay,  shorts  and  meal, 

3.50 
3.58 
3.14 
3.23 
1.92 
4.07 
3.10 

8.75 
9.19 
9.15 
9.46 
9.03 
9.24 
9.*56 

12.05 
12.77 
12.29 
12.69 
10.95 
13.31 
12.66 

Nov.,     .    . 

7 

- 

(  Bye  meal,  cotton-seed  meal,  shorts  and  ) 
|     cahhage  leaves,                                          j 

4.10 

9  60 

13.70 

'•        .    . 

9 

- 

" 

3.24 

9.09 

12.33 

.    . 

7 

- 

" 

2.73 

11.04 

13.77 

23 


Table  IV. —  Continued. 


Time  of 
Day 

and  Tear. 

Age. 

Time  Since 
Calving. 

FEED. 

ft. 

of  "a 
*1 

5  ■£ 

Nov.,     .    . 

5 

- 

(  Rye  meal,  cotton-seed  meal,  shorts  and  ) 
I     cabbage  leaves,                                          { 

3.76 

9.69 

13.45 

.     . 

7 

- 

" 

3.90 

10.04 

13.94 

«•         .    . 

7 

- 

" 

4.64 

9.25 

13.89 

Oct.,   P.    M. 

3 

6  mos., 

Hay,  shorts  and  cotton-seed  meal, 

3.98 

10.93 

14.91 

" 

8 

8      ' 

... 

4.24 

10.22 

14.46 

" 

7 

7      ' 

... 

4.21 

10.71 

14.92 

Dec,  p.  m. 

5 

12      ' 

Corn,  meal,  sprouts,  swale-hay  and  oat  straw, 

5.79 

10.56 

16.35 

" 

7 

3      ' 

4.03 

9.93 

13.96 

" 

7 

10      ' 

4.32 

9.99 

14.31 

" 

6 

12      ' 

5.19 

10.66 

15.85 

« 

5 

3      ' 

3.92 

9.82 

13.74 

" 

5 

7      ' 

6.03 

9.69 

15.72 

■« 

12 

3      ' 

4.42 

9.76 

14.18 

Jan.,  a.  M. 

7 

3      ' 

Cob  meal,  head  oats,  corn  fodder  and  hay, . 

4.34 

- 

13  74 

Mixed  Milk. 


Time  of 

Day 

and  Tear. 

FEED. 

Fat. 

&  i 

O    H 

EH    ° 

Aug  ,  1884. 

5  cows,     .    .    . 

Hay,  meal,  brewers'  grains 

2.76 

9.59 

12.35 

"".... 

'«.... 

2.33 

10.22 

12.55 

"".... 

»        .        .        .        . 

2.74 

10.04 

12.78 

6  cows,     .     .     . 

Meal,  hay,  shorts  and  grass, 

2.32 

9.92 

12.24 

«".... 

"             .        .        .        . 

2.61 

9.39 

12.00 

"•'.... 

.        .        .        . 

2.95 

9.97 

12.92 

"•'.... 

"             .        .        .        . 

2.60 

9.95 

12.55 

Nov.,     .    . 

17  cows,     .     .    . 

(  Rye  meal,  cotton-seed  meal,  shorts  and  ( 
(     cabbage  leaves,                                          \ 

3.58 

9.40 

12.98 

"... 

6  cows,     .     .    . 

Shorts,  cotton-seed  meal  and  hay, 

Average, 

4.18 

10.37 

14.55 

3.31 

9.77 

13.09 

24 


Table  IV.  —  Continued. 

AYRSHIRE. 


Time  of 

Day 

and  Year. 

Age. 

Time  Since 
Calving 

FEED. 

Fat. 

3    « 

li 

H    o 
m 

Oct.,      .     . 

Yrs. 

3  mos., 

Cut  hay,  corn  meal  and  shorts,     . 

3.01 

8.84 

11.85 

Nov.,     .     . 

8 

5      " 

Shorts  and  hay, 

3.02 

9.50 

12.52 

May,  a.  M. 

13 

1      " 

" 

4  92 

- 

11  66 

" 

2 

4      " 

"            " 

2.57 

-   j   13.04 

" 

5 

1      " 

"     •    . 

3.14 

-   j   14.63 

" 

4 

1      " 

" 

4.01 

_ 

13.38 

June,  A.  m. 

2 

o      " 

Shorts,  hay  and  grass, 

3.58 

- 

12.68 

" 

13 

1      « 

»    .        . 

2.86 

- 

11.53 

" 

5 

1      « 

"    .        . 

4.00 

- 

13.40 

" 

4 

1      " 

'<    .        . 

3.22 

- 

12.21 

NOV.,  A.  M. 

10 

6      " 

Hay,  shorts,  meal  and  roots, 

4.49 

10.71 

15  20 

" 

3 

3      " 

.... 

2.71 

9.31 

1?.02 

" 

16 

24      « 

.... 

3.00 

9.85 

12.85 

" 

14 

8      " 

.... 

3.51 

9.92 

13.43 

" 

9 

3      " 

.... 

2  89 

8.37 

11.26 

" 

16 

12      " 

.... 

2.S0 

9.08 

11.88 

'■« 

7 

2      " 

.... 

2.44 

9.67 

12.11 

" 

12 

10      " 

.... 

2.20 

9.21 

11.41 

" 

10 

3      " 

.... 

3.07 

9.31 

12.38 

" 

3 

4      " 

.... 

3.09 

9.66 

12.75 

" 

3 

3      " 

'                      " 

2i83 

8.84 

11.67 

Sept.,  A.  m. 

6 

i\    " 

Shorts,  gluten  meal  and  pasturage, 

3.22 

9-.  67 

12.89 

" 

4 

n  " 

.        . 

4.13 

11.24 

15.37 

" 

6 

bi  " 

.         . 

2.73 

10.28 

13.01 

" 

4 

11  weeks, 

Shorts  and  middlings 

5.04 

10.63 

15.67 

» 

6 

6|  mos  , 



3.83 

10.78 

14.61 

Oct.    P.     M. 

6 

6      " 

Hay,  shorts  and  cotton-seed  meal, 

3.86 

9.97 

13.83 

" 

7 

6      •' 

Shorts,  meal,  hay  and  rowen, 

4.58 

9.80 

14.38 

6 

4      " 

... 

3.28 

10.48 

13.76 

Nov.  P.  M. 

8 

2      " 

Sprouts,  meal  and  middlings, 

2.66 

9.11 

11.77 

Average,     . 

3.35 

9.73 

12.97 

25 


Table  IV.  —  Continued. 

DURHAM. 


Tim 
D 

and  "5 

B   Of 

iy          Age. 
fear. 

Time  since 
Calving. 

FEED. 

C3 

CD    g 

Is      co 
o    g 
H    o 

012 

May, 

Trs. 
.    .        8 

4  mos., 

Ensilage,  shorts  and  cotton-seed  meal, 

3.71 

8.11 

11.88 

« 

.     .         7 

3      " 

.        . 

4.16 

8.66 

12.82 

« 

.     .         8 

4      " 

« 

3.36 

8.72 

12.08 

» 

.     .         7 

3      " 

,. 

4.92 

8.44 

13.36 

" 

.     .         7 

18      " 

Ensilage  and  hay 

3.36 

8.74 

12.10 

Oct., 

.     . 

2      " 

Hay,  corn  meal  and  shorts,  . 

4.39 

11.28 

15.67 

Nov., 

.     .         9 

4      " 

Shorts  and  hay,       .... 

2.80 

9.04 

11.84 

.     .         8 

6      " 

.        .        .        . 

3.67 

9.92 

13.59 

.     .         9 

6      " 

"          .        .        .        . 

2.88 

9.69 

12.57 

.     .         7 

6      " 

<•          .        .        .        . 

276 

9.56 

12.32 

.     .         9 

3      " 

.        .        .        . 

4.02 

9.37 

13.39 

.     .     '    8 

6      " 

"          .        .        .        . 

3.11 

9.16 

12.27 

Aug., 

P.  M.            4 

1\    " 

3  qts.  meal,  grass  and  corn  fodder, 

3  28 

8.85 

12.13 

Sept., 

P.M.         10 

7      " 

4  qts.  meal  and  pasturage,     . 

4.06 

10.11 

14.17 

Nov., 

.     .         5 

- 

J  1  qt.  rye  meal,  2  qts.  cotton-seed  meal,  ) 
(       3  qts.  shorts  and  cahhage  leaves,            \ 

2.60 

9.40 

12.00 

.     .         5 

- 

» 

3.29 

9.27 

12.56 

.     .         8 

_ 

,< 

2.80 

8.45 

11.25 

.     .         7 

5.00 

9.21 

14.21 

.     .         8 

- 

"                         1    2.69 

8.99 

11.68 

.     .          5 

- 

,. 

2.64 

9.57 

12.21 

.     .          6 

- 

„ 

3.01 

9.45 

12.46 

Sept., 

A.  M.            5 

7  days, 

4.54 

11.77 

16.31 

Oct., 

P.   M.            8 

6  mos., 

6  qts.  shorts,  4  qts.  meal,  hay  and  rowen,  . 

4.82 

10.46 

15.28 

• 

8 

2      " 

" 

3.08 

9.19 

12.27 

Nov., 

P.  M.            6 

4      " 

(  Hay,  corn  fodder,  shorts,  gluten  and  corn  ) 
/        meal,                                                             \ 

2.55 

8.59 

11.14 

2 

4      " 

« 

2.53 

9.67 

12.20 

'                 2 

5  days, 

« 

:    2.74 

9.55 

12.39 

'                 2 

2  mos., 

« 

2.88 

9.35 

12.23 

4 

4      " 

„ 

3.02 

10.52 

13.54 

'                 2 

3      " 

.. 

3.74 

10.92 

14.66 

<               10 

6      " 

„ 

3  84 

9.82 

13.66 

7 

13      " 

.< 

3.32 

10.39 

13.71 

'                 4 

4      " 

.. 

3.00 

9.79 

12.79 

4 

1      " 

» 

2.66 

9.00 

11.66 

12 

5      " 

" 

3.19 

10.29 

13.48 

26 


Table  IV.  —  Continued. 

Mixed  Milk. 


Time  of 
Day. 

FEED. 

■£ 
fe 

m  "is 
3  ^ 
o   o 

m  a 

STov.,     .     . 

16  cows,      .     .    . 

(  Rye  meal,  cotton-seed  meal,   shorts  and  ) 
I      cabbage  leaves,                                             ( 

Average 

3.06 

9.26 

12.32 

3.28 

9.44 

12.73 

HOLSTEIN. 


Time  of 

Day 
and  Year 


Age. 


Time  Since 
Calving. 


FEED. 


CO 


May, 


Oct., 
Nov, 


Aug., 


Aug.,  A 


Nov.,  P.  M. 


Jan.,  A.  M. 


Yrs. 
5 


5  mos., 

6  weeks, 
3J  mos., 

5  " 

6  weeks, 
3k  mos., 

12  weeks, 
17     " 
15      " 
19  mos., 


Hay,  shorts  and  cotton-seed  meal 
andensilage, 


and  ensilage, 


Ensilage  and  hay, 


Cut  hay,  corn  meal  and  shorts, 
Shorts  and  hay, 


and  meal, 


Middlings,  shorts,  corn  stalks  and  green 
oats, 


Pasturage, 


Shorts,  meal  and  middlings, 

Sprouts,        "  " 

Cob  meal,  head  oats,  corn  fodder  and  hay 


3.56 
3.39 
4.07 
3.68 
3.61 
4.56 
2.93 
4  36 
3.55 
4.77 
4.67 
3.90 
1.87 


3  43 
2.33 
1.96 
3.13 
2.39 
3.27 
3.46 
3.36 
3.26 
3.70 
2.62 
2.67 
4.07 


9.10 
8.05 
9.01 
9.26 
8.80 


8.74 
8.02 
8  93 
10.58 
10.25 
8.40 
9.02 


8.92 
9.49 
8.38 
9.64 
9.75 
8.67 
9.09 
8.73 
8.93 
9.35 
9.96 
8.90 


12.66 
11.44 
13.08 
12.94 
12.41 
13.65 
11.67 
12.38 
12.48 
15.35 
14.92 
12.30 
10.89 

12.20 

12.35 
11.82 
10.34 
12.67 
12.14 
11.94 
12.55 
12.09 
12.19 
13.05 
12.58 
11.57 
13.12 


27 


Table  IV.  —  Continued. 

Mixed  Milk. 


Time  of 

Day 
and  Year. 


FEED. 


Fat. 


02 


o    S3 

Eh     ° 


Nov.,  P.  M. 


2  cows, 
18  cows, 


\  Hay,  corn  fodder,  gluten,  shorts  and  corn 
I      meal, 

Shorts,  meal  and  middlings, 

Average, 


2.56 
3.21 


3.29 


9.13 
9.43 


9.22 


11.69 

12.64 


12.51 


JERSEY  AND  ALDERNEY. 


Time  of 
Day 

and  Year. 

Age. 

Time  since 
Calving. 

FEED. 

Fat 

&  1 

1    ° 

^    OQ 

Nov.,     .    . 

Yrs. 

7 

- 

(  Corn  meal,  shorts,  cotton-seed  meal 
(       lage  and  English  hay, 

ensi-  J 

5.24 

9.90 

15.14 

Oct.,      .    . 

- 

3£  weeks, 

Cut  hay,  corn  meal  and  shorts,    . 

2.05 

10.43 

12  48 

"         .    . 

- 

6  mos., 

'«,•«.' 

1.24 

9.80 

11.04 

Nov.,  P.  51. 

5 

6      " 

Hay,  shorts,  meal  and  roots, 

3.97 

9.53 

13.50 

" 

8 

6      " 

" 

4.08 

9.89 

13.97 

" 

10 

3      " 

"                   " 

4.36 

9.65 

14.01 

April,   .    . 

- 

- 

_ 

- 

6.25 

9.01 

15.29 

Jan.,      .     . 

25 

%\  mos., 

Cob  meal,  head  oats,  corn  fodder  an 

d  hay, 

6.74 

- 

16.70 

" 

5 

5      " 

"                            " 

5.67 

- 

14.83 

Mixed  Milk. 


Time  of 

Day 
and  Year. 

FEED. 

Fat. 

II 

H    OQ 

Nov.,     .    . 

2  cows, 

(  Hay,  corn  fodder,  shorts,  gluten  and  corn  ) 
(      meal,                                                              \ 

Average,      .        ,        . 

4.10 

9.56 

13.66 

4.34 

9.70 

14.02 

28 


Table  IV.  —  Concluded. 

SUMMARY. 


Number  of 
Cows. 

BREED. 

Fat. 

3  -3 

^    0Q 

11 

Jersey, 

4.34 

9.70 

14.02 

93 

Native,     .                 

3.31 

9.77 

13.09 

30 

Ayrshire • 

3  35 

9.73 

12.97 

51 

Durham, 

3.28 

9.44 

12.73 

47 

Holstein, 

3.29 

9.22 

12.51 

V 


*  f-jr 


